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      <details id="toc" open><summary>Table of contents</summary><ul>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="single-executable-applications.html#single-executable-applications">Single executable applications</a></span>
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<li><a href="single-executable-applications.html#notes">Notes</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="single-executable-applications.html#requireid-in-the-injected-module-is-not-file-based"><code>require(id)</code> in the injected module is not file based</a></li>
<li><a href="single-executable-applications.html#__filename-and-modulefilename-in-the-injected-module"><code>__filename</code> and <code>module.filename</code> in the injected module</a></li>
<li><a href="single-executable-applications.html#__dirname-in-the-injected-module"><code>__dirname</code> in the injected module</a></li>
<li><a href="single-executable-applications.html#single-executable-application-creation-process">Single executable application creation process</a></li>
<li><a href="single-executable-applications.html#platform-support">Platform support</a></li>
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      <div id="apicontent">
        <h2>Single executable applications<span><a class="mark" href="single-executable-applications.html#single-executable-applications" id="single-executable-applications">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_single_executable_applications"></a></h2>

<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental: This feature is being designed and will change.</div><p></p>
<p><strong>Source Code:</strong> <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/v19.8.1/lib/internal/main/single_executable_application.js">lib/internal/main/single_executable_application.js</a></p>
<p>This feature allows the distribution of a Node.js application conveniently to a
system that does not have Node.js installed.</p>
<p>Node.js supports the creation of <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/single-executable">single executable applications</a> by allowing
the injection of a JavaScript file into the <code>node</code> binary. During start up, the
program checks if anything has been injected. If the script is found, it
executes its contents. Otherwise Node.js operates as it normally does.</p>
<p>The single executable application feature only supports running a single
embedded <a href="modules.html#modules-commonjs-modules">CommonJS</a> file.</p>
<p>A bundled JavaScript file can be turned into a single executable application
with any tool which can inject resources into the <code>node</code> binary.</p>
<p>Here are the steps for creating a single executable application using one such
tool, <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/postject">postject</a>:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Create a JavaScript file:</p>
<pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">'console.log(`Hello, ${process.argv[2]}!`);'</span> > hello.js</span></code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>Create a copy of the <code>node</code> executable and name it according to your needs:</p>
<pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">cp</span> $(<span class="hljs-built_in">command</span> -v node) hello</span></code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>Remove the signature of the binary:</p>
<ul>
<li>On macOS:</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">codesign --remove-signature hello</span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>On Windows (optional):</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/seccrypto/signtool">signtool</a> can be used from the installed <a href="https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/downloads/windows-sdk/">Windows SDK</a>. If this step is
skipped, ignore any signature-related warning from postject.</p>
<pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">signtool remove /s hello</span></code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>Inject the JavaScript file into the copied binary by running <code>postject</code> with
the following options:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>hello</code> - The name of the copy of the <code>node</code> executable created in step 2.</li>
<li><code>NODE_JS_CODE</code> - The name of the resource / note / section in the binary
where the contents of the JavaScript file will be stored.</li>
<li><code>hello.js</code> - The name of the JavaScript file created in step 1.</li>
<li><code>--sentinel-fuse NODE_JS_FUSE_fce680ab2cc467b6e072b8b5df1996b2</code> - The
<a href="https://www.electronjs.org/docs/latest/tutorial/fuses">fuse</a> used by the Node.js project to detect if a file has been injected.</li>
<li><code>--macho-segment-name NODE_JS</code> (only needed on macOS) - The name of the
segment in the binary where the contents of the JavaScript file will be
stored.</li>
</ul>
<p>To summarize, here is the required command for each platform:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>On systems other than macOS:</p>
<pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">npx postject hello NODE_JS_CODE hello.js \
    --sentinel-fuse NODE_JS_FUSE_fce680ab2cc467b6e072b8b5df1996b2</span></code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>On macOS:</p>
<pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">npx postject hello NODE_JS_CODE hello.js \
    --sentinel-fuse NODE_JS_FUSE_fce680ab2cc467b6e072b8b5df1996b2 \
    --macho-segment-name NODE_JS</span></code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Sign the binary:</p>
<ul>
<li>On macOS:</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">codesign --sign - hello</span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>On Windows (optional):</li>
</ul>
<p>A certificate needs to be present for this to work. However, the unsigned
binary would still be runnable.</p>
<pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">signtool sign /fd SHA256 hello</span></code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>Run the binary:</p>
<pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">./hello world</span>
Hello, world!</code></pre>
</li>
</ol>
<section><h3>Notes<span><a class="mark" href="single-executable-applications.html#notes" id="notes">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_notes"></a></h3>
<h4><code>require(id)</code> in the injected module is not file based<span><a class="mark" href="single-executable-applications.html#requireid-in-the-injected-module-is-not-file-based" id="requireid-in-the-injected-module-is-not-file-based">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_require_id_in_the_injected_module_is_not_file_based"></a></h4>
<p><code>require()</code> in the injected module is not the same as the <a href="modules.html#requireid"><code>require()</code></a>
available to modules that are not injected. It also does not have any of the
properties that non-injected <a href="modules.html#requireid"><code>require()</code></a> has except <a href="modules.html#accessing-the-main-module"><code>require.main</code></a>. It
can only be used to load built-in modules. Attempting to load a module that can
only be found in the file system will throw an error.</p>
<p>Instead of relying on a file based <code>require()</code>, users can bundle their
application into a standalone JavaScript file to inject into the executable.
This also ensures a more deterministic dependency graph.</p>
<p>However, if a file based <code>require()</code> is still needed, that can also be achieved:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { createRequire } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:module'</span>);
<span class="hljs-built_in">require</span> = <span class="hljs-title function_">createRequire</span>(__filename);</code></pre>
<h4><code>__filename</code> and <code>module.filename</code> in the injected module<span><a class="mark" href="single-executable-applications.html#__filename-and-modulefilename-in-the-injected-module" id="__filename-and-modulefilename-in-the-injected-module">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_filename_and_module_filename_in_the_injected_module"></a></h4>
<p>The values of <code>__filename</code> and <code>module.filename</code> in the injected module are
equal to <a href="process.html#processexecpath"><code>process.execPath</code></a>.</p>
<h4><code>__dirname</code> in the injected module<span><a class="mark" href="single-executable-applications.html#__dirname-in-the-injected-module" id="__dirname-in-the-injected-module">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_dirname_in_the_injected_module"></a></h4>
<p>The value of <code>__dirname</code> in the injected module is equal to the directory name
of <a href="process.html#processexecpath"><code>process.execPath</code></a>.</p>
<h4>Single executable application creation process<span><a class="mark" href="single-executable-applications.html#single-executable-application-creation-process" id="single-executable-application-creation-process">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_single_executable_application_creation_process"></a></h4>
<p>A tool aiming to create a single executable Node.js application must
inject the contents of a JavaScript file into:</p>
<ul>
<li>a resource named <code>NODE_JS_CODE</code> if the <code>node</code> binary is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Executable">PE</a> file</li>
<li>a section named <code>NODE_JS_CODE</code> in the <code>NODE_JS</code> segment if the <code>node</code> binary
is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach-O">Mach-O</a> file</li>
<li>a note named <code>NODE_JS_CODE</code> if the <code>node</code> binary is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format">ELF</a> file</li>
</ul>
<p>Search the binary for the
<code>NODE_JS_FUSE_fce680ab2cc467b6e072b8b5df1996b2:0</code> <a href="https://www.electronjs.org/docs/latest/tutorial/fuses">fuse</a> string and flip the
last character to <code>1</code> to indicate that a resource has been injected.</p>
<h4>Platform support<span><a class="mark" href="single-executable-applications.html#platform-support" id="platform-support">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="single_executable_applications_platform_support"></a></h4>
<p>Single-executable support is tested regularly on CI only on the following
platforms:</p>
<ul>
<li>Windows</li>
<li>macOS</li>
<li>Linux (all distributions <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/main/BUILDING.md#platform-list">supported by Node.js</a> except Alpine and all
architectures <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/main/BUILDING.md#platform-list">supported by Node.js</a> except s390x and ppc64)</li>
</ul>
<p>This is due to a lack of better tools to generate single-executables that can be
used to test this feature on other platforms.</p>
<p>Suggestions for other resource injection tools/workflows are welcomed. Please
start a discussion at <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/single-executable/discussions">https://github.com/nodejs/single-executable/discussions</a>
to help us document them.</p></section>
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